An In-Depth Look Back What People Talked About Evolution Korea 20 Years Ago
Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than what one might expect.
The country is seeking a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. Recommended Website established a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced celadon paper making, block printing, art styles and written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens and sometimes even required them to join the army or build fortifications.
At the close of the period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families, and had to be revered and obeyed by everyone, even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. Early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stones, with precious objects like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. After that, the peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCbetween 635 and 57 BC CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do believe to be a real Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Among them, Baekje was the most powerful state, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase the development paradigm of the country appears to be in flux. Those who are horrified by the huge costs of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand those who support the old system want to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears of job loss.
Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article reviews the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution that include the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also highlights significant factors that may influence these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views among this population. A 2009 survey showed that almost one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% claimed that the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. The level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced types of life.
In the past of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. In weblink -day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event was attended by a large audience of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The success of this event resulted in the founding of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it received wide attention.
KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the group published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as a few books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches.
One example of one KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised money and got funding to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created branches in local offices that offer talks and seminars to schoolchildren and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced with miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. At this time the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new development model is being developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge is to find the right balance between the state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining systems that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.